Mishkât Al-Anwar: AL-GHAZZALI

Translation and Introduction by W. H. T.  GAIRDNER

THE MISHKÂT AL-ANWAR[1] is a work of extreme interest from the viewpoint of al-Ghazzâlî's inner life and esoteric thought. The glimpses it gives of that life and thought are remarkably, perhaps uniquely, intimate. It begins where his autobiographical Al-Munqidh min al-Dalâl leaves off. Its esotericism excited the curiosity and even the suspicion of Muslim thinkers from the first, and we have deeply interesting allusions to it in Ibn Tufaill and Ibn Rushd, the celebrated philosophers of Western Islam, who flourished within the century after al-Ghazzâlî's death in 1111 (A.H. 505)--a fact which, again, increases its importance and interest for us. It was printed in Cairo (matba`at as Sidq, A. H. 1322), to which edition the references in the present work are made. There is another edition in a collection of five opuscules of Ghazzâlî under the title of the first of the five, Faisal al-Tafriqa.

MUSLIM STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM IN BENGAL

MUSLIM STRUGGLE  FOR FREEDOM IN BENGAL

[FROM PLASSEY TO PAKISTAN

A.D. 1757-1947]

Prof. Dr. Muin-ud-Din Ahmad Khan

BOOK CONTENTS

Introduction

Chapter I: Socio-Economic Conditions of the Muslims of Bengal- 1757-1830.

Chapter II: Religious Revivalism- 1818-1870

Chapter III: The Revolt of 1857

Chapter IV: The Sepoy Mutiny and the Muslim Community of Bengal

Chapter V: Constitutional Struggle: Muslim Modernism and Loyalism- 1857-1913

Chapter VI: Partition of Bengal and Foundation of Muslim League-1905

Chapter VII: Khilafat Movement

Chapter VIII: The Concept of Pakistan

Chapter IX: The Case of Unity

Chapter X: Pakistan Resolution

Chapter XI: Later Constitutional Development and Emergence of Pakistan

 

INTRODUCTION

The history of the Muslims in Bengal under British rule (C.E. 1757-1947) represents a sad story interspersed with brilliant epochs of heroic struggle for self-preservation under adverse circumstances and for freeing the country from foreign yoke. The two trends of the struggle, which were closely interlinked, took different shapes at different times with the change of circumstances and opportunity though their basic aims remained always the same.